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- \topmatter
-
- \title{Estimating Risk Aversion from \cr
- Arrow-Debreu Portfolio Choice}
-
- \runningname{Hal R. Varian}
- \runningtitle{Estimating Risk Aversion}
-
- \thanks{This research was supported in part by the National Science
- Foundation. I would like to thank Richard Green for helpful remarks. I am
- especially grateful to an anonymous referee whose comments significantly
- improved the statements and proofs of the results.}
-
- \author{Hal R. Varian}
-
- \affil{University of Michigan}
-
- \date{October 27, 1984}
-
- \version{\today}
-
- \abstract{This paper derives necessary and sufficient conditions for
- Arrow-Debreu choices of contingent consumption to be compatible with the
- maximization of a state independent expected utility function that exhibits
- increasing or decreasing absolute risk aversion, or increasing or
- decreasing relative risk aversion. The conditions can be used to bound
- different measures of risk aversion based on a single observation of
- Arrow-Debreu portfolio choice.}
-
- \keywords{Revealed preference, expected utility, risk aversion, portfolio
- choice.}
-
-
- \address{Hal R. Varian, Department of Economics, University of Michigan,
- Ann Arbor, MI 48109}
-
- \endtopmatter
-
- \document
-
- \noindent {\scten The expected utility} hypothesis forms the basis for much
- of our understanding of investor behavior under uncertainty. It is
- commonly agreed that a well-behaved expected utility function should be an
- increasing and concave function of wealth, or, equivalently, that its first
- derivative should be positive and its second derivative should be negative.
- It is also widely accepted that the Arrow-Pratt measure of absolute risk
- aversion should be declining with wealth. There is much less agreement
- about the behavior of the Arrow-Pratt measure of {\it relative\/} risk
- aversion, although some investigators have argued that it should increase
- with wealth.
-
- In this note I derive necessary and sufficient conditions for choices of
- contingent consumption across states of nature to satisfy various
- hypotheses about the behavior of these measures of risk aversion. If the
- portfolio choice behavior of the consumer is consistent with the conditions
- I derive, then the conditions can be used to bound the Arrow--Pratt
- measures of absolute and relative risk aversion. The conditions are
- derived using methods of the ``nonparametric approach'' to optimizing
- behavior introduced by Afriat (1967) and extended by Diewert (1973),
- Diewert and Parkan (1978), and Varian (1982), (1983a). Applications of
- these methods to choice under uncertainty include Dybvig and Ross (1982),
- Green and Srivastava (1983), and Varian (1983b).
-
- \section The Maximization Problem
-
- Consider an investor who chooses a pattern of consumption across states of
- nature to solve the following problem:
- $$\max \sum_{s=1}^S \pi_s u(c_s) $$
-
- \Refs
-
- \ref
- \by{Afriat, S.} \yr{1967a} \paper{The Construction of a Utility
- Function from Expenditure Data} \jour{International Economic Review}
- \vol{8} \pages{67--77}
- \endref
-
- \ref
- \by{Afriat, S.} \yr{1967b} \paper{The Construction of Separable
- Utility Functions from Expenditure Data} \paperinfo{mimeo, Purdue}
- \endref
-
- \ref \by{Breeden, D. and R. Litzenberger} \yr{1978} \paper{Prices of
- State-Contingent Claims Implicit in Option Prices} \jour{Journal of
- Business} \pages{621--651}
- \endref
-
- \ref
- \by{Diewert, E.} \yr{1973} \paper{Afriat and Revealed Preference Theory}
- \jour{Review of Economic Studies} \vol{40} \pages{419--426}
- \endref
-
- \ref \by{Diewert, E. and C. Parkan} \yr{1978} \paper{Tests for Consistency
- of Consumer Data and Nonparametric Index Numbers} \paperinfo{Working Paper
- 78-27, University of British Columbia}
- \endref
-
- \ref \by{Dybvig, P. and S. Ross} \yr{1982} \paper{Portfolio Efficient Sets}
- \jour{Econometrica} \pages{1525--1546}
- \endref
-
- \ref \by{Green, R. and S. Srivastava} \yr{1983} \paper{Preference
- Restrictions, Asset Returns, and Consumption} \paperinfo{mimeo,
- Carnegie--Mellon University}
- \endref
-
- \ref \by{Varian, H.} \yr{1982} \paper{The Nonparametric Approach to Demand
- Analysis} \jour{Econometrica} \vol{50} \pages{945--973}
- \endref
-
- \ref
- \by{Varian, H.} \yr{1983a} \paper{Nonparametric Tests of Models of
- Consumer Behavior} \jour{Review of Economic Studies} \vol{50}
- \pages{99--110}
- \endref
-
- \ref
- \by{Varian, H.} \yr{1983b} \paper{Nonparametric Tests of Models of
- Investor Behavior} \jour{Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis}
- \vol{18} \pages{269--278}
- \endref